1. 机器人路径规划简介
机器人路径规划是指,通过算法和计算机控制机器人从起点到达目标点之间的路径,让机器人能够避开障碍物,从而实现自主移动。常见的机器人路径规划算法有多种,本文将介绍基于Dijkstra和A算法的机器人路径规划方法。
2. Dijkstra算法介绍
2.1 Dijkstra算法基本思路
Dijkstra算法是一种单源最短路径算法,用于计算一个节点到其他所有节点的最短路径。Dijkstra算法的基本思想是:每次找到距离起点最短的邻居节点,并将该节点加入已访问节点的集合中,然后更新该节点邻居节点的最短距离,并将其加入未访问节点的集合中,重复该过程直至所有节点均被访问过。
以下是Dijkstra算法伪代码:
1 function Dijkstra(Graph, source):
2
3 dist[source] ← 0 // 源节点到源节点的距离为0
4 create vertex set Q
5
6 for each vertex v in Graph:
7 if v ≠ source:
8 dist[v] ← INFINITY // 初始时,所有到其他节点的距离为无穷大
9 prev[v] ← UNDEFINED // 每个节点的前驱节点均为undefined
10 Q.add_with_priority(v, dist[v])
11
12 while Q is not empty: // 重复寻找最短路径的过程
13 u ← Q.extract_min() // 找到未访问节点中最短的邻居节点
14 for each neighbor v of u: // 更新邻居节点的最短距离
15 alt ← dist[u] + length(u, v)
16 if alt < dist[v]:
17 dist[v] ← alt
18 prev[v] ← u
19 Q.decrease_priority(v, alt)
20
21 return dist, prev
2.2 Dijkstra算法的优缺点
Dijkstra算法的主要优点是,对于有向无环图(DAG)或无负权边的图,Dijkstra算法的时间复杂度为O(nlogn),运行速度非常快。其缺点是,对于存在负权边的图,Dijkstra算法无法正确求解最短路径。
3. A算法介绍
3.1 A算法基本思路
A算法是基于Dijkstra算法的一种改进算法,它可以在存在负权边的图中求解最短路径。A算法引入了一个估价函数,而Dijkstra算法则是仅根据当前已知路径的情况下,来确定到源点距离最短的节点。
A算法的基本思想是:从起点开始,每次选择一个离起点最近且未访问的节点,对于该节点,计算当前已知路径长度加上估计距离到目标点的距离,如果该距离小于当前已经找到的最短路径,则更新相应节点的路径和花费,并将该节点加入已访问节点的集合中。重复该过程,直至找到目标点或者所有节点均已被访问。
以下是A算法伪代码:
1 function Astar(start,goal)
2 closedSet := {} // 已访问节点的集合
3 openSet := {start} // 未访问节点的集合
4 cameFrom := {} // 父节点列表
5
6 gScore := map with default value of Infinity // 源节点到当前节点的距离列表
7 gScore[start] := 0
8
9 fScore := map with default value of Infinity // 估价函数列表
10 fScore[start] := heuristic_cost_estimate(start, goal)
11
12 while openSet is not empty: // 重复寻找最短路径的过程
13 current := the node in openSet having the lowest fScore[] value
14 if current = goal:
15 return reconstruct_path(cameFrom, goal)
16
17 openSet.Remove(current)
18 closedSet.Add(current)
19 for each neighbor of current:
20 if neighbor in closedSet:
21 continue // Ignore the neighbor which is already evaluated.
22 tentative_gScore := gScore[current] + dist_between(current, neighbor)
23
24 if neighbor not in openSet: // Discover a new node
25 openSet.Add(neighbor)
26 else if tentative_gScore ≥ gScore[neighbor]:
27 continue // This is not a better path.
28 // This path is the best until now. Record it!
29 cameFrom[neighbor] := current
30 gScore[neighbor] := tentative_gScore
31 fScore[neighbor] := gScore[neighbor] + heuristic_cost_estimate(neighbor, goal)
32
33 return failure
34
35 function reconstruct_path(cameFrom, current)
36 total_path := [current]
37 while current in cameFrom.Keys:
38 current := cameFrom[current]
39 total_path.append(current)
40 return total_path
3.2 A算法的优缺点
A算法的主要优点是可以在存在负权边的图中求解最短路径,同时也可以通过选择不同的估价函数优化路径搜索的效率。其主要缺点是,在某些情况下会出现搜索次数过多的问题,同时需要对估价函数进行较为准确的定义。
4. 基于Dijkstra和A算法的机器人路径规划实现
4.1 问题描述
现有一个平面直角坐标系上的机器人,其起点坐标为(1,1),终点坐标为(10,10),在直角坐标系中有若干个障碍物,机器人不能经过这些障碍物,设计基于Dijkstra和A算法的机器人路径规划算法,找到从起点到达终点的最短路径,并绘制路径图。
4.2 机器人路径规划算法实现
首先需要知道机器人可以沿着水平线和竖直线方向移动,因此机器人在从(i,j)到达相邻节点时,只能向(i+1,j),(i-1,j),(i,j+1)或者(i,j-1)四个方向移动。
其次,需要对障碍物进行判断,如果一个节点已经被占用,则该节点不能作为机器人路径上的一个节点。
针对上述问题,我们可以先构造一个邻接矩阵表示无向图,其中节点之间的距离即为1,如果两个节点之间存在障碍物,则节点之间的距离为无穷大。
对于Dijkstra算法和A算法,我们可以基于邻接矩阵实现。具体实现过程如下:
根据随机生成的障碍物,构造邻接矩阵,并将起点的距离初始化为0,其他节点的距离初始化为无穷大。
对于Dijkstra算法,根据邻接矩阵和起点开始查找最短路径。具体实现方式与Dijkstra算法实现过程一致。
对于A算法,需要定义一个估价函数,该函数可以估计出当前节点到终点的距离,具体实现方式可以根据曼哈顿距离或欧式距离进行定义。然后,根据该函数和邻接矩阵开始查找最短路径。
4.3 Matlab代码实现
以下是基于Dijkstra算法和A算法的机器人路径规划Matlab代码实现:
4.3.1 构造邻接矩阵
function adjacency = construct_adjacency(size, obstacles)
% 构造大小为size,包含obstacles个障碍物的邻接矩阵
adjacency = zeros(size);
max_weight = inf; % 定义节点之间的最大距离为无穷大
for i = 1:size
for j = 1:size
if i == j
adjacency(i,j) = 0;
else
if ismember([i,j],obstacles,'rows') || ismember([j,i],obstacles,'rows')
adjacency(i,j) = max_weight;
else
if i == j-1 || i == j+1 || j == i-1 || j == i+1
adjacency(i,j) = 1;
else
adjacency(i,j) = max_weight;
end
end
end
end
end
end
4.3.2 Dijkstra算法实现
function [path, cost] = dijkstra(adjacency, start, goal)
% 计算起点到终点的最短路径
N = size(adjacency,1);
visited = zeros(1,N);
distance = ones(1,N)*inf;
previous = ones(1,N)*NaN;
distance(start) = 0;
while ~all(visited)
% 从未访问过的节点中选择距离起点最近的节点
non_visited = distance(~visited);
[~,current] = min(non_visited);
current = find(distance==non_visited(current),1);
if current == goal
break;
end
% 计算当前节点未访问邻居节点的距离
neighbors = find(adjacency(current,:)
for neighbor = neighbors
tentative_distance = distance(current) + adjacency(current,neighbor);
if tentative_distance < distance(neighbor)
distance(neighbor) = tentative_distance;
previous(neighbor) = current;
end
end
visited(current) = 1;
end
% 构造路径
path = [];
cost = 0;
if isnan(previous(goal))
return
end
while goal ~= start
path = [goal,path];
cost = cost + adjacency(previous(goal),goal);
goal = previous(goal);
end
path = [start,path];
end
4.3.3 A算法实现
function [path, cost] = A_star(adjacency, start, goal)
% 计算起点到终点的最短路径
N = size(adjacency,1);
visited = zeros(1,N);
distance = ones(1,N)*inf;
previous = ones(1,N)*NaN;
distance(start) = 0;
while ~all(visited)
% 从未访问过的节点中选择距离起点最近的节点(包含估价函数)
non_visited = distance(~visited) + heuristic_function(adjacency, ~visited, goal);
[~,current] = min(non_visited);
current = find(distance==non_visited(current)-heuristic_function(adjacency, visited, goal),1);
if current == goal
break;
end
% 计算当前节点未访问邻居节点的距离
neighbors = find(adjacency(current,:)
for neighbor = neighbors
tentative_distance = distance(current) + adjacency(current,neighbor);
if tentative_distance < distance(neighbor)
distance(neighbor) = tentative_distance;
previous(neighbor) = current;
end
end
visited(current) = 1;
end
% 构造路径
path = [];
cost = 0;
if isnan(previous(goal))
return
end
while goal ~= start
path = [goal,path];
cost = cost + adjacency(previous(goal),goal);
goal = previous(goal);
end
path = [start,path];
end
function heuristic_cost = heuristic_function(adjacency, visited, goal)
% 欧式距离
heuristic_cost = sqrt(sum((repmat(goal,length(find(~visited)),1)-find(~visited)').^2,2))*min(adjacency(:));
end
4.3.4 查找路径并绘制路径图
size = 10;
obstacles = [2,4; 3,4; 4,4; 5,4; 6,4; 2,7; 3,7; 4,7; 6,7; 7,7];
adjacency = construct_adjacency(size, obstacles);
% 计算Dijkstra算法下的最短路径
[start,goal] = deal(sub2ind([size,size],[1,10],[1,10]));
[shortest_path_dijkstra, cost_dijkstra] = dijkstra(adjacency, start, goal);
% 计算A算法下的最短路径
[shortest_path_Astar, cost_Astar] = A_star(adjacency, start, goal);
% 绘制路径图
figure(1);
hold on;
for i = 1:size
for j = 1:size
if adjacency(i,j) < inf
if ismember([i,j],shortest_path_dijkstra','rows')
plot(j,i,'ob');
elseif ismember([i,j],obstacles,'rows')
plot(j,i,'xr');
else
plot(j,i,'ok');
end
end
end
end
plot(shortest_path_dijkstra(:,2),shortest_path_dijkstra(:,1),'-b','LineWidth',4);
for i = 1:length(shortest_path_dijkstra)
text(shortest_path_dijkstra(i,2),shortest_path_dijkstra(i,1),sprintf(' %d',i),'FontSize',16);
end
title(sprintf('Dijkstra Algorithm: Cost = %.4f',cost_dijkstra));
figure(2);
hold on;
for i = 1:size
for j = 1:size
if adjacency(i,j) < inf
if ismember([i,j],shortest_path_Astar','rows')
plot(j,i,'ob');
elseif ismember([i,j],obstacles,'rows')
plot(j,i,'xr');
else
plot(j,i,'ok');
end
end
end
end
plot(shortest_path_Astar(:,2),shortest_path_Astar(:,1),'-b','LineWidth',4);
for i = 1:length(shortest_path_Astar)
text(shortest_path_Astar(i,2),shortest_path_Astar(i,1),sprintf(' %d',i),'FontSize',16);
end
title(sprintf('A* Algorithm: Cost = %.4f',cost_Astar));
5. 结语
本文介绍了基于Dijkstra算法和A算法的机器人路径规划方法,通过构造邻接矩阵分别实现了Dijkstra